Computer Fundamentals

Operating systems, hardware, memory, networking, and algorithmic costs that explain how software behaves on real machines and under load.

Learning SQL

SQL is best learned by querying real tables, then adding joins and analysis.

DatabasesSQL

Eight Network Protocols in One Diagram

Eight network protocols explained by layer, transport, and application role.

NetworkingProtocols

OSI Model

The OSI model maps network functions into seven layers for analysis.

NetworkingOSI Model

Processes and Threads

Processes isolate memory and failure, while threads share state for parallelism.

ConcurrencyOperating Systems

Deadlocks

Deadlocks form when concurrent actors wait on one another's locked resources.

ConcurrencyDatabases

TCP and UDP in Online Gaming

Online games mix UDP and TCP to match latency and reliability needs.

NetworkingProtocols

DNS Record Types

DNS record types for addressing, mail routing, service discovery, and control.

DNSNetworking

DNS Resolution Flow

DNS lookups through recursive resolution, caching, and authoritative records.

DNSNetworking

4 UDP Use Cases

UDP workloads where low latency or one-to-many delivery matters more than reliability.

NetworkingUDP

IPv4 and IPv6

IPv4 and IPv6 differences in addressing, routing, and network behaviour.

NetworkingProtocols

Paging vs. Segmentation

Paging and segmentation compared by address mapping and memory layout.

Memory ManagementOperating Systems